Article 311, Constitution

57 Landmark Constitutional Cases: Complete Notes

About this topic ▶ Watch this part of the lecture (0:00) These notes cover the 57 most important cases of Indian Constitutional Law . They are the cases that keep coming up in LL.B. examinations, in judiciary examinations and in every serious discussion of constitutional law. Every case is studied…

411 min read 16 Oct 2026

Relationship Between Constitutional Law and Administrative Law

Constitutional law and administrative law are closely connected. While administrative law focuses on the organization, powers, functions, and duties of administrative authorities, constitutional law addresses the genera…

7 min read 9 Sep 2026

The Connection Between Constitutional Law and Administrative Law

Constitutional law and administrative law are closely connected. While administrative law focuses on the organization, powers, functions, and duties of administrative authorities, constitutional law addresses the genera…

13 min read 9 Sep 2026

A seven-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court held that the President and the Governor are constitutional heads who act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. Where the Constitution speaks of their 'satisfaction', it means the satisfaction of the Council of Ministers, not their personal satisfaction. The Court overruled Sardari Lal and set aside the termination of two probationer judges, holding that a termination which is in substance a punishment attracts the protection of Article 311(2).

A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court held, by a majority of four to one, that statutory corporations such as O.N.G.C., L.I.C. and the Industrial Finance Corporation are 'State' under Article 12. Regulations made under their Acts have the force of law, so an employee removed in breach of them can get a declaration that he continues in service, not just damages. The case matters because it brought public sector corporations under constitutional accountability, and Justice Mathew's concurring opinion laid the seed of the later 'instrumentality' test.