Article 44, Constitution

57 Landmark Constitutional Cases: Complete Notes

About this topic ▶ Watch this part of the lecture (0:00) These notes cover the 57 most important cases of Indian Constitutional Law . They are the cases that keep coming up in LL.B. examinations, in judiciary examinations and in every serious discussion of constitutional law. Every case is studied…

411 min read 16 Oct 2026

Constitutional Law II: Complete Notes

Constitutional Law II deals with civil liberties. It is studied in eight units, from the question of who is a citizen of India to how the Constitution enforces the rights it gives. These rights are at work in ordinary life: when a person speaks his mind online, prays in his own way, or is stopped b…

130 min read 16 Oct 2026

Family law - I One Shot

Personal laws refer to laws that are specific to a particular religion and govern matters like marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, and family relationships. These laws are deeply rooted in the traditions, customs…

142 min read 9 Sep 2026

Maintenance Under Muslim Law

About this topic ▶ Watch this part of the lecture (0:00) Maintenance under Muslim law deals with who must support whom, the legal routes for enforcing that duty, and how a Muslim wife's right changes during the marriage, during iddat and after iddat. The topic runs through the Shah Bano judgment, t…

25 min read 16 Oct 2026

A five-judge bench of the Supreme Court held that Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code (now Section 144 B.N.S.S.) is a secular provision that applies to all wives, including divorced Muslim women, regardless of religion. A divorced Muslim wife who cannot maintain herself can claim maintenance beyond the iddat period, and payment of mehr does not end this duty. The judgment started a nationwide debate on personal law versus secular law, led to the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986, and revived the debate on a Uniform Civil Code under Article 44.