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Study notes and articles

Clear explanations of Indian law, written for students: concepts, provisions and the cases that shaped them.

Law of Torts

Volenti Non Fit Injuria: Understanding the Doctrine

The principle of volenti non fit injuria is a key concept in tort law. It applies when someone willingly exposes themselves to a known danger or harm. The idea is that if a person voluntarily assumes the risk associated…

6 min read

Labour Law I (Industrial Relations)

Recognition of Trade Unions

In India, there are laws related to the recognition of trade unions, but there isn’t a single unified law for officially registering them. To address this, the Indian Parliament passed the Indian Trade Union (Amendment)…

11 min read

Labour Law I (Industrial Relations)

Rights and Liabilities of Registered Trade Unions

Trade unions are essential in safeguarding the rights and interests of workers in today’s workforce. When these unions are officially registered under labour laws, they gain certain rights and responsibilities. This art…

9 min read

Labour Law I (Industrial Relations)

Difference Between Layoff and Lockout

The terms "layoff" and "lockout" are often confused, but they have distinct meanings and important differences. Both involve stopping work, but the reasons behind them, their effects, and their results are quite differe…

9 min read

Labour Law I (Industrial Relations)

Difference Between Lockdown and Shutdown

The terms "lockdown" and "shutdown" have become common in our everyday language, especially during events like the COVID-19 pandemic. Although people often use them interchangeably, they actually have different meanings…

8 min read

Labour Law II (Wages & Social Security)

Female Rights in the Workplace in India

India has made significant progress in empowering women and promoting gender equality in recent years. However, the fight for equal rights and opportunities for women in the workplace is still ongoing. Despite constitut…

7 min read

Administrative Law

Administrative Discretion: Meaning and Grounds of Control

Administrative discretion refers to the ability of government officials to make decisions and choose from various options without being bound by strict rules or criteria. In simpler terms, it means officials have the fr…

10 min read

Constitutional Law I

Inclusion of an Ex-CJI into Parliament

On March 19,2020, former Chief Justice of India, Ranjan Gogoi, took oath as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's Parliament. His nomination was made by the President of India under Article 80 of the C…

10 min read

Administrative Law

Grounds of Judicial Review of Administrative Actions

The doctrine of ultra vires is a fundamental concept in administrative law. It serves as the foundation for judicial review to control the actions of administrative authorities. Ultra vires means actions taken beyond th…

3 min read

Administrative Law

Rule Against Bias

The rule against bias is a core principle of natural justice, ensuring that any decision-making authority is made up of impartial individuals who act fairly and without prejudice. Bias refers to any preconceived opinion…

8 min read

Administrative Law

The Connection Between Constitutional Law and Administrative Law

Constitutional law and administrative law are closely connected. While administrative law focuses on the organization, powers, functions, and duties of administrative authorities, constitutional law addresses the genera…

13 min read