Contracts & Commercial Law
Indian Contract Act, 1872 - general principles (ss. 1-75): offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity, free consent, void agreements, performance, discharge, breach and remedies.
One-shot revision
The whole subject in one place: read end to end before exams.
Contract Law I runs from the first question, what a contract is, to the newest one, how contracts are made on the internet. Contracts are made every day: buying a cup of tea, booking a cab or renting a room. Connecting every rule to such everyday transactions is the easiest way to understand and re…
132 min read
A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that the law can enforce. It happens when one person makes an offer, and the other person accepts it. For it to be a contract, there must be something valuable exch…
114 min read
Topic by topic
Short, focused notes on each topic, newest first.
A couple went to England on leave. For health reasons, the wife was unable to accompany the husband again to Ceylon. The husband promised to pay 30 pounds per month to his wife as maintenance, but he failed to pay. The…
24 min read
Section 13 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, defines consent as "when two or more persons agree upon the same thing in the same sense." For two people willing to enter into an agreement, they must agree to the same thin…
9 min read
Understanding the Legal Framework and Implications Who is a Minor under Indian Contract Act, 1872? In India, anyone under the age of 18 is considered a minor. Even if a person is 17 years and 364 days old, they are stil…
12 min read
Persons Disqualified by Law Understanding the Legal Implications and Restrictions Alien Enemies An alien enemy is someone from a country at war with India. Contracts made with alien enemies during wartime are considered…
8 min read
Understanding the Legal Provisions under the Indian Contract Act
8 min read
Understanding the Legal Framework Surrounding Contracts with Minors
9 min read
Every person is competent to contract if they have the legal capacity to do so. This includes:
5 min read
An offer is the initial step in creating a contract, marking the beginning of a legal commitment between the parties. It's important to understand that acceptance can only be given in response to a prior offer, making t…
8 min read
The definition of an agreement is outlined in section 2(e) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. An agreement is a promise or set of promises made between two parties, with consideration involved. For instance, in a rent ag…
7 min read
Revocation of an offer means withdrawing or canceling an offer before it is accepted. Acceptance can also be revoked under certain circumstances. Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, an offer and acceptance form the bas…
3 min read
In contract law, a cross-offer occurs when two parties simultaneously make offers to each other without either party accepting the other's offer. This situation can create uncertainty about whether a contract has been f…
4 min read
According to Section 2(b) of the Indian Contract Act 1872, acceptance is the act of expressing assent to a proposal made by another person. When the person to whom the proposal is made agrees to the terms without any co…
7 min read
Judgments explained
Facts, issues, judgment and the principle to remember.
Case law
A landmark case on unilateral contracts and acceptance by performance
Madras High Court · 1935
This case examines consideration in contract law under Section 2(d) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 . It addresses whether a promise to contribute to a public cause without any binding obligation is enforceable.
Case law
Understanding the fine line between an offer and an invitation to treat
This case deals with coercion under Section 15 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 , specifically examining whether a threat of criminal prosecution amounts to coercion, thereby rendering a contract void.
1908
Case Summary: Nash v. Inman (1908) 2 KB 1 Case Topic: Necessaries for Minors Facts of the Case A tailor ( plaintiff ) supplied 13 waistcoats and other clothing to an undergraduate student ( defendant ), who was a minor at the time. The student refused to pay for the goods, arguing that he was not l…
Supreme Court of India · 1959
First, let us understand the basic meaning. Section 30 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 says a wagering agreement — where two parties bet on an uncertain event, one winning and one losing depending on the outcome — is void : the law simply will not enforce it, and neither party can go to court over…
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