Articles
Clear explanations of Indian law, written for students: concepts, provisions and the cases that shaped them.
About this topic ▶ Watch this part of the lecture (0:00) This topic traces how Indian criminal law dealt with consensual and non-consensual "unnatural" sexual acts: from Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, through a series of conflicting court decisions, to the present position under the B.N.S. I…
12 min read
These notes are a memory toolkit for Labour Law II. Instead of learning each topic as a separate list, they connect the material so that one piece brings back the next.
25 min read
A useful puzzle to start with: can a person be wrongfully confined inside a car moving through the city at 60 kilometres an hour, with no locked room, no wall and not even a fixed place? The answer depends on two offences in the B.N.S., 2023:
11 min read
Media Law governs the press, broadcasting, cinema and digital media. Studied in five units, it runs from the history of how the press won its freedom to the ethical choices a journalist must make where the law gives no clear answer. It is at work whenever a person reads a newspaper, watches a news…
122 min read
The law of hurt deals with harm caused to the body, and even to the mind, of a person. It is found in Chapter 6 of the B.N.S. , which deals with offences affecting the human body. Within that Chapter, under the sub-heading "Of hurt" , are Sections 114 to 125 .
35 min read
The right of private defence is dealt with in Sections 34 to 44 of the B.N.S. These eleven Sections close Chapter 3 , the chapter on General Exceptions . They explain when a person who uses force to protect a body or property is protected by the law, and when the same force becomes a crime.
28 min read
Some acts look like offences on their face, yet the law says that nothing is an offence . The reason lies in a set of general exceptions in Chapter III of the B.N.S. (2023): Sections 19 to 24 , and Sections 30, 31 and 32 .
30 min read
Abetment can be compared to striking a matchstick. Once the match is struck, one of three things can happen: it can die out between the fingers, it can light the lamp that was meant to be lit, or it can set the curtain on fire. The abettor strikes the match by instigating someone, by conspiring , o…
27 min read
These notes answer every question, sub-part and OR-alternative from the six Labour Law II question papers of NLUO, Cuttack, available in the NLUO Library's collection of LL.B. question papers. The papers cover 2018 to 2023. No Labour Law II paper was available for 2020, 2021, 2024 or 2025.
120 min read
These notes cover Labour Law II (Social Security Legislations) for the LL.B. course, following the course outline for July–November 2026 (NLU Odisha, Cuttack). The material is arranged in seven modules and 117 numbered concepts, followed by a last-minute revision section.
237 min read
Family Law I is the personal law of marriage and family for Hindus and Muslims in India, studied in five units, from what a personal law is and where it comes from, to adoption and the care of a child and the child's property. Marriage, divorce, maintenance and custody touch almost every home, and…
125 min read
Family Law II is the law that decides what happens to family property (marriage, divorce, maintenance, adoption and guardianship belong to Family Law I). It asks: Who owns the property of a family? Who can sell it? How is it divided when the family separates? When a person dies, who gets what, and…
124 min read
