Articles
Clear explanations of Indian law, written for students: concepts, provisions and the cases that shaped them.
Recognition decides whether a new entity is treated as a state, and whether a new authority is treated as the government of a state, by other states. Three problem situations show why the topic matters. They are answered at the end of these notes.
14 min read
The law of treaties decides whether an agreement between States is a treaty, how it is made, whom it binds and on what terms, whether it is valid, and when it ends. Three imaginary problems show the kind of questions it answers.
23 min read
The sources of international law explain where a binding international rule gets its authority. The topic centres on Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which lists treaties, custom, general principles of law, judicial decisions and the writings of scholars, and a…
15 min read
Ships entering foreign ports, aircraft crossing the skies of other countries and parcels moving between nations all follow rules that no single country made. Those rules are international law . Yet some of history's most respected legal minds insisted that it is not law at all.
15 min read
Every criminal case asks two questions: what did the accused do , and what was going on in the accused's mind when doing it? The doing is called actus reus (the guilty act). The thinking is called mens rea (the guilty mind).
28 min read
These notes cover 27 cases of Labour Law II: wages, forced and bonded labour, maternity, Article 21, injury and compensation, gratuity, industrial relations and the Factories Act.
19 min read
These notes give exam-ready answers to the actual questions set in the six most recent Law of Evidence papers of National Law University Odisha (NLUO), from 2022 to 2025.
156 min read
These notes cover Evidence Law under the B.S.A., 2023, in a form suited to short-answer type examinations.
43 min read
These notes cover the law of evidence under the B.S.A., 2023, following the LL.B. Semester III course outline (July–December 2026, NLU Odisha). The material is arranged in six modules and 47 numbered concepts, followed by a last-minute revision section.
161 min read
Environmental Law is studied in six units, from what the environment is and how the laws to protect it grew, to how the law is responding to climate change. The water in a glass, the winter air and the plastic packet thrown away are all touched by these rules, so connecting each rule to daily life…
133 min read
Criminal Law explains why the law punishes one person and lets another go free, even when both have done something that looks the same from the outside.
120 min read
Corporate Law (Company Law) studies the company from beginning to end: from what a company is and how it is born, to how it finally comes to an end. The course has six units; the first deals with the introduction to company law and the incorporation of a company.
136 min read
