Articles
Clear explanations of Indian law, written for students: concepts, provisions and the cases that shaped them.
An ordinary day (ordering food through an application, paying through UPI, attending an online class, watching videos, booking a cab, visiting a hospital) creates data about a person: location, payments, interests, health, even screen time. Much of it is collected, stored, analysed and shared by or…
119 min read
Many students say "I hate jurisprudence". This topic explains why the subject feels difficult and how to study it. It covers the meaning and nature of jurisprudence, the four reasons students struggle with it, the debate between legal positivism and natural law, the historical setting of the major…
13 min read
Judicial separation is a matrimonial remedy under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. The topic covers what judicial separation is and how it differs from divorce, the remedy under Section 10, the grounds borrowed from Section 13(1) and Section 13(2), the court's power under Section 13A to grant judicial…
17 min read
Theft, extortion and robbery under the B.N.S., 2023 all involve the loss of property, but the law gives each loss a different name and a different punishment. Three complaints from the same day show why the distinction matters.
12 min read
Extortion is defined and punished in Section 308 of the B.N.S. These notes cover the definition in Section 308(1), how extortion differs from theft, its three essentials (the three D's: Dread, Dishonesty and Delivery), the decision of the Supreme Court in Salib v. State of Uttar Pradesh , the grade…
10 min read
All offences against property are placed in Chapter 17 of the B.N.S., titled "Of offences against property" , which runs from Section 303 to Section 334 .
23 min read
Sections 74 to 78 of the B.N.S. sit under the heading "Of criminal force and assault against woman", which also covers Section 79 (word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman). Sections 74 to 78 protect a woman against an indecent touch, sexual harassment, being stripped, voyeuri…
24 min read
Sections 14 to 18 of the B.N.S. are the first general defences. Each one answers a familiar plea made by a person who has hurt someone or taken away someone's liberty:
17 min read
When a crime is reported, the first question is: who did it? A good lawyer asks a second question: who made it happen? The person caught with the stolen goods is often only the last link in a chain. Behind that person, someone may have planted the idea, someone may have shaken hands on the plan, an…
21 min read
Can a person be sent to jail for a crime that never happened, with a weapon that was never bought, against a victim who was never touched? In one corner of criminal law, the answer is yes. That corner is criminal conspiracy .
17 min read
Attempt is the stage at which a person has started to carry out a crime but has not completed it. Not every unfinished crime is treated alike: some people who stop short of the full offence are guilty of attempt, while others have committed no offence at all. These notes cover why attempt is punish…
16 min read
This topic explains the stages through which a crime passes, the elements that must be present for a complete crime, the stage at which criminal law steps in, the special cases where even preparation is punished under the B.N.S., and the three inchoate crimes: attempt, criminal conspiracy and abetm…
15 min read
