Article 25, Constitution

57 Constitutional Cases in Brief: Quick Notes

Issue: Can the government choose judges even when the Chief Justice disagrees?

48 min read 16 Oct 2026

57 Landmark Constitutional Cases: Complete Notes

About this topic ▶ Watch this part of the lecture (0:00) These notes cover the 57 most important cases of Indian Constitutional Law . They are the cases that keep coming up in LL.B. examinations, in judiciary examinations and in every serious discussion of constitutional law. Every case is studied…

411 min read 16 Oct 2026

Constitution II One Shot

A child born in India before July 1, 1987, automatically acquired Indian citizenship regardless of their parents' nationality.

57 min read 9 Sep 2026

Constitutional Law II: Complete Notes

Constitutional Law II deals with civil liberties. It is studied in eight units, from the question of who is a citizen of India to how the Constitution enforces the rights it gives. These rights are at work in ordinary life: when a person speaks his mind online, prays in his own way, or is stopped b…

130 min read 16 Oct 2026

Family law - I One Shot

Personal laws refer to laws that are specific to a particular religion and govern matters like marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, and family relationships. These laws are deeply rooted in the traditions, customs…

142 min read 9 Sep 2026

Landmark Cases of Family law - I

Fact: Appellant alleged bigamy under Sec. 494, IPC, as per Hindu customs, against her tribal husband. Appellant claimed tribal custom mandates monogamy.

21 min read 9 Sep 2026

The Supreme Court held that three schoolchildren of the Jehovah's Witnesses faith, who stood respectfully during the National Anthem but did not sing it because of their sincere religious belief, could not be expelled. Forcing them to sing violated their freedom of conscience and religion under Article 25(1) and their freedom of speech, which includes the freedom to remain silent, under Article 19(1)(a). The case is a leading authority on freedom of religion, tolerance and the rule that executive instructions cannot restrict fundamental rights.

A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, by a 4:1 majority, held that barring women aged 10 to 50 from the Sabarimala temple was unconstitutional. It struck down Rule 3(b) of the 1965 Rules and held that the right to worship under Article 25(1) belongs equally to women. The case matters because it uses constitutional morality and the essential religious practices test to resolve the clash between faith and gender equality, and its larger questions are now pending before a nine-judge bench.

First, let us understand the basic meaning. The Basic Structure Doctrine is a rule created by the Supreme Court of India which says: Parliament can amend (change) almost any part of the Constitution, but it cannot change the parts that form the Constitution's core identity — its "basic structure."…

In Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017), a five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, by a 3:2 majority, set aside instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddat). Two judges held it unconstitutional as manifestly arbitrary under Article 14, and a third held it was not part of Islamic law. The case is a landmark for the dignity and equality of Muslim women.