Constitutional & Public Law
Citizenship, "State" under Article 12, Fundamental Rights (Arts 14-32), amendability of the Constitution
One-shot revision
The whole subject in one place: read end to end before exams.
Constitutional Law II deals with civil liberties. It is studied in eight units, from the question of who is a citizen of India to how the Constitution enforces the rights it gives. These rights are at work in ordinary life: when a person speaks his mind online, prays in his own way, or is stopped b…
130 min read
A child born in India before July 1, 1987, automatically acquired Indian citizenship regardless of their parents' nationality.
57 min read
Topic by topic
Short, focused notes on each topic, newest first.
Issue: Can the government choose judges even when the Chief Justice disagrees?
48 min read
About this topic ▶ Watch this part of the lecture (0:00) These notes cover the 57 most important cases of Indian Constitutional Law . They are the cases that keep coming up in LL.B. examinations, in judiciary examinations and in every serious discussion of constitutional law. Every case is studied…
411 min read
Judgments explained
Facts, issues, judgment and the principle to remember.
Supreme Court of India (13-Judge Constitution Bench) · 1973
First, let us understand the basic meaning. The Basic Structure Doctrine is a rule created by the Supreme Court of India which says: Parliament can amend (change) almost any part of the Constitution, but it cannot change the parts that form the Constitution's core identity — its "basic structure."…
Supreme Court of India · 1951
First, let us understand the basic meaning. Article 13(2) of the Constitution says: the State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges Fundamental Rights, and any law that does so is void. Shankari Prasad Singh Deo vs. Union of India (1951) asked one sharp question: does the word "law" i…
Supreme Court of India · 1997
First, let us understand the basic meaning. Before 1997, India had no specific law defining or prohibiting sexual harassment at the workplace. Vishaka & Ors. vs. State of Rajasthan (1997) answers a foundational question: when Parliament has made no law on a subject, can the Supreme Court still step…
Supreme Court of India · 1950
First, let us understand the basic meaning. Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution gives every citizen the right to freedom of speech and expression . But does that right stop at merely holding or voicing an opinion, or does it also protect your ability to share and circulate that opinion with others…
Supreme Court of India (Constitution Bench) · 2016
First, let us understand the basic meaning. Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution gives every citizen the right to practise any profession or carry on any occupation, trade or business — and running an educational institution counts as exercising this right. But no right in the Constitution is absol…
Supreme Court of India (Constitution Bench) · 2005
First, let us understand the basic meaning. T.M.A. Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka (2002) laid down broad principles on the rights of private educational institutions — but because those principles were stated broadly, different High Courts interpreted them differently, and petitions piled up…
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